Mais attention, 10% d’infectiosité peut suffire à contracter la maladie, d’après les chercheurs. Ces nouveaux travaux confirment l’importance de l’aération des espaces clos et des détecteurs de CO2.
En 20 minutes, les virus du Covid-19 en suspension dans les airs perdent 90% de leur capacité à infecter, d’après de nouveaux travaux publiés dans PNAS. Le virus SARS-CoV-2 se transmettant principalement par ce biais, les auteurs rappellent l’importance de l’aération des lieux clos.
Des gouttelettes pleines de virus, piégées en suspension dans l’air
« Nous savons que les particules d’aérosol, exhalées lorsque des personnes infectées respirent, parlent ou toussent, peuvent transmettre des virus”, expose Jonathan Reid, qui a dirigé ces travaux à l’Université de Bristol (Royaume-Uni). Difficile en revanche de connaître précisément dans quelles conditions et combien de temps les particules virales restent infectieuses une fois en suspension dans l’air. “Le microenvironnement à l’intérieur d’une gouttelette d’air est multiple et notoirement difficile à étudier”, pointent les auteurs dans la publication. Pour éclaircir ce mystère, ils utilisent CELEBS, un outil qui, malgré son nom évocateur des rubriques people de certains magazines, signifie “lévitation électrodynamique contrôlée et extraction de bioaérosols sur un substrat”. Un manque de glamour largement compensé par sa capacité à disperser dans les airs moins d’une vingtaine de gouttelettes contenant des virus et piégées dans un champ électrique. Les chercheurs se sont concentrés sur les variants Alpha et Bêta, considérant que l’effet de l’environnement sur leur infectiosité est “représentative des variantes du virus circulant ultérieurement.”
Avec l’outil CELEBS, “une évaluation de la viabilité des microbes en suspension dans les gouttelettes peut être effectuée après des périodes de suspension variant de moins de 5 secondes à plusieurs heures”, exposent les auteurs. Pour cela, la machine interrompt la lévitation des petites gouttes et met le virus en contact avec des cultures cellulaires dont les chercheurs évaluent ensuite la survie. Les chercheurs contrôlent ainsi l’infectiosité des virus en suspension après 5 secondes à 20 minutes en suspension.
En quelques secondes, l’infectiosité baisse de moitié, et en 20 minutes de 90%
CELEBS révèle que quelques secondes à peine après avoir été expirées, les gouttelettes de virus ont déjà perdu 50 à 60% de leur pouvoir d’infection. Puis la baisse ralentit mais finit par atteindre 90% en 20 minutes, constatent les chercheurs, surpris. En cause, la baisse très rapide de l’humidité relative, très élevée dans les voies respiratoires et qui tombe à 40-60% une fois la gouttelette expirée. Cette chute de l’humidité relative entraîne une cristallisation des sels contenus dans la gouttelette. “On ne sait pas encore exactement comment, mais il est clair que quelque chose se passe pendant l’événement de cristallisation et cause des dommages irréparables au virus”, explique Allen Haddrell, co-auteur de l’étude, auprès de Sciences et Avenir.
HUMIDITE RELATIVE.
L’humidité relative désigne, en pourcentage, le degré de saturation de l’air en vapeur d’eau par rapport au maximum de ce qu’il pourrait absorber. Cette absorption maximale varie avec la température : un air chaud pourra assimiler plus d’eau avant de saturer qu’un air froid.
Le deuxième facteur responsable de la baisse d’infectiosité du virus est le changement de pH. Lorsque la gouttelette est expirée, le CO2 la quitte pour se volatiliser dans l’air en moins d’1 seconde, ce qui augmente le pH et ce quelle que soit l’humidité, explique Allen Haddrell. « Il semble que le pH élevé causé par cette perte de CO2 de la gouttelette inactive le virus.”
Pour éviter l’infection, même après 20 minutes, il faut aérer
Mais attention, -90% d’infectiosité ne signifie pas qu’après un bon quart d’heure, le risque d’attraper le Covid-19 à partir d’une atmosphère viciée est évité. « Les gouttelettes peuvent parcourir plusieurs mètres en quelques secondes, et 10% pourraient encore être plus que suffisants pour infecter les gens », tempère Allen Haddrell. D’autant que l’infectiosité du virus peut être partiellement restaurée lorsque la quantité de CO2 augmente dans la pièce, et réinfuse lentement dans les gouttelettes, comme les chercheurs l’ont d’ailleurs vérifié dans leurs expériences. “Lorsque la teneur en CO2 de l’air est augmentée, la stabilité du virus en phase aérosol est accrue. Cela suggère que les salles bondées augmentent la probabilité de transmission en augmentant la quantité de virus dans l’air, mais aussi en rendant l’air lui-même moins dangereux pour le virus”, conclut Allen Haddrell.
Ces travaux sont une nouvelle fois la preuve qu’une aération régulière et un contrôle du taux de CO2 dans les salles fermées sont une arme efficace contre le Covid-19.
sciencesetavenir
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