Des chercheurs européens ont découvert des enzymes qui pourraient aider à rendre le sang universel, et ainsi résoudre les problèmes de compatibilité des groupes sanguins.
Les scientifiques préviennent qu’il faudra encore plusieurs années de recherche pour que leurs travaux aboutissent à une potentielle application clinique.
Selon le système ABO, il existe quatre principaux groupes sanguins chez les humains : A, B, AB et O. Ils dépendent des substances présentes à la surface des globules rouges, appelées antigènes.
En raison de ces spécificités, certains groupes sanguins sont compatibles ou incompatibles entre eux.
Pour résoudre les problématiques liées à la compatibilité, les scientifiques tentent depuis des années de trouver un moyen pour produire un sang universel. Et, des chercheurs de l’université technique du Danemark (DTU) et de l’université de Lund (Suède) ont fait une découverte de taille dans ce domaine. Ils ont remarqué que des enzymes, présentes dans le microbiote intestinal, étaient capables d’éliminer les sucres qui composent les antigènes A et B des groupes sanguins.
Des enzymes du microbiote intestinal pour rendre le sang universel
Lors de ses travaux, l’équipe a décidé d’étudier les enzymes provenant d’une bactérie du microbiote intestinal appelée Akkermansia muciniphila. Les chercheurs ont voulu les examiner, car les sucres complexes qu’elles attaquent dans la muqueuse intestinale, partagent une ressemblance chimique avec les sucres présents à la surface des cellules sanguines.
Dans le détail, les chercheurs ont testé 24 enzymes et les ont utilisées pour traiter des centaines d’échantillons de sang. Ils ont pu identifier deux mélanges d’enzymes capables de convertir les globules rouges des groupes A et B en sang de donneur universel.
« Pour la première fois, les nouveaux cocktails enzymatiques éliminent non seulement les antigènes A et B bien décrits, mais également des variantes étendues qui n’étaient auparavant pas reconnues comme problématiques pour la sécurité transfusionnelle.
Nous sommes sur le point de pouvoir produire du sang universel à partir de donneurs du groupe B. En revanche, il reste encore du travail à faire pour convertir le sang plus complexe du groupe A », explique dans un communiqué le professeur Maher Abou Hachem, responsable de l’essai au DTU et l’un des scientifiques à l’origine de la découverte.
« Notre objectif est maintenant d’étudier en détail s’il existe des obstacles supplémentaires et comment nous pouvons améliorer nos enzymes pour atteindre l’objectif ultime de la production sanguine universelle », précise l’expert.
Sang universel : encore plusieurs années de recherche nécessaire
« Le sang universel permettra une utilisation plus efficace du sang des donneurs et évitera aussi de donner par erreur des transfusions non-compatibles, ce qui pourrait autrement avoir des conséquences potentiellement mortelles chez le receveur.
Lorsque nous pourrons créer du sang de donneur ABO universel, nous simplifierons la logistique de transport et d’administration de produits sanguins sûrs, tout en minimisant le gaspillage de sang », assure le professeur Martin L.Olsson, responsable de l’étude à l’Université de Lund.
Toutefois, ce sang universel n’est pas encore pour toute suite. L’équipe reconnaît qu’elle a encore de nombreuses recherches à mener au cours des trois prochaines années et demie pour perfectionner sa découverte ainsi que la méthode de traitement enzymatique du sang.
« En cas de succès, le concept doit être testé dans des essais contrôlés sur des patients avant de pouvoir être envisagé pour une production commerciale et une utilisation clinique », préviennent les auteurs.
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