L’excès de sucre dans notre alimentation contribue à déséquilibrer le microbiote intestinal, pourtant essentiel pour prévenir des maladies métaboliques comme le diabète ou l’obésité. C’est l’interaction complexe entre l’alimentation, le microbiote et le système immunitaire que met en avant une nouvelle étude.
Le régime alimentaire occidental, souvent riche en graisses et en sucres, peut entraîner le développement de maladies comme le diabète de type 2, l’obésité ou le syndrome métabolique (prise de poids, résistance à l’insuline, intolérance au glucose…). Cependant, on ignore quels sont les mécanismes en jeu et comment le microbiote intestinal peut les réguler.
Des chercheurs américains ont étudié les effets de ce régime hypercalorique sur le microbiote intestinal des souris. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les animaux ont développé le syndrome métabolique après seulement quatre semaines de ce régime. De plus, leur microbiote a été largement altéré, avec une forte diminution du nombre de bactéries filamenteuses.
La protection contre les maladies métaboliques vient surtout du microbiote
D’autres expériences ont montré que les cellules immunitaires Th17, induites par les bactéries filamenteuses, protègent l’intestin des maladies métaboliques en régulant l’absorption des lipides. « Le sucre élimine les bactéries filamenteuses, et les cellules Th17 protectrices disparaissent en conséquence », explique dans un communiqué Ivalyo Ivanov, l’un des auteurs de l’étude.
« Lorsque nous avons donné à des souris un régime sans sucre et riche en graisses, elles ont conservé les cellules Th17 intestinales et ont été complètement protégées contre le développement de l’obésité et du pré-diabète, alors qu’elles mangeaient le même nombre de calories », poursuit-il.
Enfin, les chercheurs soulignent que, si le régime alimentaire est important, la véritable protection vient des cellules Th17 induites par les bactéries du microbiote. Quand les souris étaient dépourvues de bactéries filamenteuses, supprimer le sucre n’a pas eu l’effet bénéfique attendu. Ainsi, dans le cadre d’interventions diététiques, préconiser des probiotiques en complément d’un régime pourrait s’avérer nécessaire.
futurasciences
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