La maladie de Behçet est une vascularite chronique (inflammation des vaisseaux sanguins) se manifestant par des ulcérations buccales, cutanées, oculaires et génitales. Elle évolue par poussées inflammatoires aiguës et récurrentes. La maladie de Behçet n’est ni héréditaire ni contagieuse. Sa fréquence diffère fortement selon les pays, les plus touchés étant la Turquie et le Japon. Elle est beaucoup plus rare en Europe.

Maladie de Behçet : symptômes
La maladie de Behçet se définit généralement par une triade typique :

Ulcérations buccales et génitales : les aphtes sont très fréquents et récidivants. La lésion typique est ronde (entre 1 et 3 cm de diamètre), avec un bord érythémateux bien délimité, et recouverte d’une pellicule blanche-jaunâtre. Dans la bouche, les aphtes peuvent toucher la langue, les gencives, les muqueuses labiales et buccales. Au niveau génital, les lésions apparaissent sur le scrotum et le pénis chez les hommes, et sur la vulve chez les femmes. Ils sont souvent très douloureux et peuvent laisser des cicatrices.

Ulcérations cutanées : érythème noueux (nodules sous-cutanés douloureux), pseudofolliculite (pustule non centrée par un follicule pileux), boutons de type acné, thrombophlébite superficielle migratoire. La peau devient hyperréactive à toutes les agressions (injections, éraflures, tests allergéniques).

Atteinte oculaire : c’est le symptôme le plus grave de la maladie de Behçet. L’inflammation de l’œil concerne environ 60 % des patients avec un taux de cécité de 10 à 15 %. Elle se manifeste par une uvéite, un hypopion (suppuration intraoculaire), une photophobie, des larmoiements ou un œil rouge. Ces inflammations répétées peuvent aboutir à des altérations de l’iris et de la rétine, provoquant une baisse voire une perte de la vision.

D’autres symptômes peuvent être retrouvés :

Arthralgies touchant surtout les grosses articulations (genoux, poignets, chevilles, coudes). Elles sont récidivantes et le plus souvent asymétriques.
Troubles digestifs : anorexie, nausées et vomissements, diarrhées, douleurs abdominales. Les symptômes sont assez similaires avec ceux de la maladie de Crohn.
Atteinte veineuse : thrombose veineuse le plus souvent au niveau des membres inférieurs, du ventre et de la tête. La thrombose artérielle est plus rare (3 à 5 % des cas), avec un risque important d’anévrisme.

Atteinte neurologique : c’est la principale cause de mortalité liée à la maladie de Behçet. Elle touche 20 % des patients, dans les un à dix ans suivant l’apparition des premiers signes de la maladie. On parle alors de « neuro-Behçet ». Elle revêt différentes formes : méningite ou méningo-encéphalite, paralysie des nerfs crâniens, thrombose veineuse cérébrale. Ces atteintes sont responsables de maux de tête, troubles de la conscience, confusion (désorientation), paralysie des muscles de la face (troubles de la motricité des yeux et de déglutition…), épilepsie, modifications de la personnalité, démence.

Maladie de Behçet : causes et origine
Les causes de la maladie de Behçet restent inconnues à ce jour. L’hypothèse la plus répandue est celle d’une inflammation déclenchée par une infection virale ou bactérienne. La maladie est en effet caractérisée par une infiltration de lymphocytes et de neutrophiles dans les organes touchés, qui seraient activés par un agent infectieux. On sait aussi que cette infiltration pathologique dépend d’une prédisposition génétique. L’antigène HLA B51 est ainsi retrouvé chez 50 % à 70 % des patients.

Maladie de Behçet : diagnostic et traitement
Il n’existe aucun test spécifique de la maladie de Behçet. Le diagnostic repose sur la présence de la triade classique citée plus haut, et en éliminant d’autres causes possibles d’inflammation. Le traitement consiste essentiellement à soulager les symptômes. Il dépend beaucoup des manifestations cliniques et doit être individualisé. La colchicine est par exemple utilisée pour réduire la fréquence des aphtes buccaux et génitaux. Pour les formes sévères, on prescrit des anti-inflammatoires corticoïdes lors des poussées. Les traitements récents incluent aussi les anti-TNF alpha, des anticorps qui inhibent l’action de la TNF alpha, une protéine intervenant dans l’inflammation et la réponse immunitaire.

En l’absence de traitement, les atteintes oculaires sont irréversibles et mènent à la cécité. La rupture artérielle présente un risque mortel et les troubles neurologiques aboutissent à une perte d’autonomie.

futura

Part.

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