Des scientifiques chinois ont découvert près de 1.000 microbes, bactéries et virus piégés dans les glaciers du plateau tibétain. La fonte des glaces va progressivement relâcher ces micro-organismes vieux de plusieurs milliers d’années.
Le plateau du Tibet est considéré comme le troisième pôle avec 46.000 glaciers : il regroupe en effet la troisième plus grande concentration de glace du monde, après les pôles Nord et Sud. Les surfaces des glaciers sont loin d’être dénuées de vie, elles comportent un grand nombre de formes de vie différentes, comme des bactéries, des algues, des champignons ou encore des archées. Ces micro-organismes jouent un rôle important dans l’écologie des glaciers. C’est dans cet environnement qu’une équipe de scientifiques chinois ont découvert 968 espèces différentes de microbes. Ces microbes vivent dans des conditions extrêmes : des températures glaciales, un haut niveau de radiation solaire, quasiment aucune source de nourriture. Ils ont la capacité de se congeler et se décongeler en fonction des températures. Les scientifiques chinois mènent actuellement un projet de recherche, intitulé le « catalogue des génomes et gènes du glacier tibétain » (TG2G), qui est voué à être complété par la découverte de nouveaux organismes au fur et à mesure des recherches.
Le plateau du Tibet, une région de 2,5 millions de kilomètres carrés, est une source importante d’approvisionnement en eau pour les villes asiatiques qui le bordent. Celui que l’on surnomme le « château d’eau de l’Asie » se réchauffe trois fois plus vite que la moyenne mondiale. Selon l’Organisation météorologique mondiale, « la majeure partie du plateau tibétain a accusé une diminution des jours d’enneigement entre 1980 et 2016, à raison d’une diminution moyenne de moins de 2 jours/an sur près de la moitié de la région, et de plus de 4 jours/an dans certaines zones ». Le changement climatique a déjà provoqué le rétrécissement de 80 % des glaciers du plateau.
Comment des microbes, virus, bactéries et champignons se retrouvent-ils enfermés dans la glace ? Selon les chercheurs chinois, ces virus proviennent principalement de plantes et du sol dans lequel elles poussaient. Des poussières issues de ce sol d’il y a 10.000 ou 15.000 ans ont tout simplement été emprisonnées dans la glace, tout comme d’importantes quantités de carbone et de méthane : 12 millions de tonnes de carbone seraient enfermées dans les glaces tibétaines. La fonte des glaces liée au réchauffement climatique global présente donc un danger multiple, déjà en marche : la dispersion dans l’atmosphère de ces gaz à effet de serre qui vont à nouveau aggraver le réchauffement, mais aussi de ces micro-organismes dans les terres et les eaux tibétaines.
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